E-6. Population Estimates and Components of Change by County — July 1, 2020-2025

December 2025

• E-6. Population Estimates and Components of Change by County — July 1, 2020-2025

OFFICIAL STATE ESTIMATES

Contents

This report presents preliminary state and county population estimates for July 1, 2025, revised estimates for July 1, 2020, July 1, 2021, July 1, 2022, July 1, 2023, July 1, 2024, and components of population change.

Highlights

California’s population grew by about 19,200, or 0.05 percent, in the year ending July 1, 2025, reaching 39,529,000 people, according to new data released today by the California Department of Finance. The 0.05-percent increase marks the third year of population growth for the state following two years of consecutive declines during the pandemic and reflects the combination of several factors:

• International immigration continued to rebound from pandemic lows, with the largest gain in fiscal year 2024 of 260,000 persons—the highest level since 2018. Net international migration increased in recent years due to the rebound in legal immigrants after the pandemic and the expansion of international humanitarian migration programs between 2021 and 2024. In 2025, most of the humanitarian migration programs were terminated. As a result, net international migration for 2024-25 declined to 126,000 persons—approximately half of the 2023-24 level.
• Greater domestic in-migration and slowed domestic out-migration helped to bring net loss in domestic migration down to 140,000 persons in 2023-24 from nearly 250,000 persons in 2022-23. Net domestic migration from California became more negative in 2024-2025, increasing to a loss of 216,000 persons, consistent with levels in 2018 and 2019.
• Natural increase—the net result of births minus deaths—contributes an increase of 108,300 persons in 2024-25 as births are stable and deaths have returned to the state’s pre-pandemic trend.

For over 20 years, California has experienced negative net domestic migration, in which the number of people moving out of the state in a year exceeds the number moving in. Since 2016, with the exception of 2023-24, net domestic outmigration has exceeded net international migration, leaving natural increase as the only source of population growth. Natural increase is constrained by continuing fertility declines and increased deaths from an aging population.

Net international migration to California reached 126,000 people in the year ending July 1,2025, a significant positive for overall population growth. However, negative net domestic migration still outweighed these gains, resulting in a net total migration loss of over 89,000 residents.

With change in policy for international humanitarian migration and deaths returning to long-term trends, California is likely to experience slower growth over the coming several years.

Methodology

The state and county population are independently estimated using population change models benchmarked on official decennial census counts. The state population is estimated using the Driver License Address Change method. County population proportions are estimated using the average of three separately estimated sets of proportions. The final distribution of proportions is applied to the independently estimated state control.

State Estimate. The state population is estimated using the Driver License Address Change (DLAC) Method. This composite method separately estimates the population under age 18, 18 through 64, and 65 years and older. Administrative records such as births, deaths, driver license address changes, tax return data, Medicare and Medi-Cal enrollment, immigration reports, elementary school enrollments, and group quarters population are among the data used in this method. All data used to develop these estimates are in summary tables and do not reveal the identity of any individual.

County Estimates. Most of county populations estimates result from averaging the first three methods below. We use a Vital Statistics Method in nine counties with 65,000 populations or less.

DLAC Method. A modified version of the state Driver License Address Change (DLAC) method is used for counties. County proportions of the state total result from changes in county population values for births, deaths, school enrollment, foreign and domestic migration, medical care and medical aid enrollments, and group quarters population.

Ratio-Correlation Method. This method models change in household population as a function of changes in the distributions of driver licenses, school enrollments, and housing units. Estimates of county group quarters are added.

Tax Return Method. County proportions are derived by the U.S. Census Bureau using matched federal income tax returns to estimate inter-county migration along with vital statistics, group quarters, and other information for the population aged 65 and over.

Vital Statistics Method. County population estimates result from changes in county population values for births, deaths, and group quarters population.

For the first time, this data series uses the 2020 Census as the benchmark population following the release of the 2020 Census Demographic and Housing Characteristics file in May 2023. This estimate reflects revisions to the preliminary July 1, 2022 state and county estimates released in January 2023, with updated data on domestic migration from the Internal Revenue Service.

Data Considerations

Sources. Data used in estimation models come from administrative records of numerous state and federal departments and agencies. Timeliness and coverage in these series vary. Corrections, adjustments or estimates may be made while preparing the estimates.

Accuracy. In general, estimates become less precise as the time from the last census increases. Data and models used to produce population estimates are subject to both measurement and non-measurement errors. This results in imperfect correlation between the data used to estimate the population and actual population change. The data and estimating models have been thoroughly tested with decennial census results that provide benchmarks for the estimates series. Data and methods are further refined and modified throughout the decade.

Acknowledgments

Phuong Nguyen produced the state and county estimates and prepared this report. Andres Gallardo produced the birth and death data. Douglas Kuczynski and John Boyne collected and prepared the group quarters data. Alex Alvarado produced the school enrollment projections. John Boyne validated input data, formulas, and methodologies used in the current state and county estimates series.

Suggested Citation

State of California, Department of Finance, E-6. California County Population Estimates and Components of Change by Year, July 1, 2020-2025. Sacramento, California, December 2025.